A country code top-level domain (ccTLD) is an Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standardized Internet Protocol Suite . It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope that are linked by copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless connections, and top-level domain A top-level domain or domain name is the highest level of domain names in the root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the label that follows the last dot of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level generally used or reserved for a country In geography, a country is a geographical region. The term is often applied to a political division or the territory of a state, or to a smaller, or former, political division of a geographical region. Usually, but not always, a country coincides with a sovereign territory and is associated with a state, nation and government (a sovereign state or a dependent territory A dependent territory, dependent area or dependency is a territory that does not possess full political independence or sovereignty as a State).

All ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is performed by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, root zone management for the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol related assignments. It is operated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, better known as ICANN (IANA) as described in RFC 1591, corresponding to ISO 3166-1 ISO 3166-1 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , and defines codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used country codes Country codes are short alphabetic or numeric geographical codes developed to represent countries and dependent areas, for use in data processing and communications. Several different systems have been developed to do this. The best known of these is ISO 3166-1.[citation needed] The term country code frequently refers to international dialing with few exceptions explained below.

Delegation and management

The IANA (currently contracted to ICANN ICANN is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Headquartered in Marina Del Rey, California, United States, ICANN is a non-profit corporation that was created on September 18, 1998 in order to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably) is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control is then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs. Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering subdomains In the Domain Name System hierarchy, a subdomain is a domain that is part of a larger domain. There may be a local presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as for example the Canadian Canada is a country occupying most of northern North America, extending from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west and northward into the Arctic Ocean. It is the world's second largest country by total area and shares the world's longest common border with the United States to the south and northwest (ca .ca is the Internet country code top-level domain for Canada. Registrants of .ca domains must meet Canadian Presence Requirements as defined by the registry. Examples of valid entities include:) and German Germany (pronounced /ˈdʒɜrməni/ ), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark, and the Baltic Sea; to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic; to the south (de .de is the country code top-level domain for the Federal Republic of Germany. DENIC (the Network Information Centre responsible for .de domains) does not require specific second-level domains, as it is the case with the .uk domain range for example) domains, or registration may be open.

Relation to ISO 3166-1

Unused ISO 3166-1 codes

Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS. However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency Bouvet Island Bouvet Island is an uninhabited Antarctic volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean, south-southwest of the Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). It is a dependent territory (Norwegian: biland) of Norway and is not subject to the Antarctic Treaty. It is the most remote island in the world. There are several very small islands near it (including Lars (bv .bv is the Internet country code top-level domain for Bouvet Island, which is uninhabited. It is administered by UNINETT Norid, but it is not in use) and the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen Svalbard and Jan Mayen is a statistical designation defined by ISO 3166-1 of two parts of Norway located in the Arctic Ocean under separate jurisdictions: Svalbard and Jan Mayen. While the two are combined for the purposes of the ISO category, they are not administratively related (sj .sj is the Internet country code top-level domain reserved for the designation Svalbard and Jan Mayen. It is administered by UNINETT Norid. Currently it is not used as Svalbard and Jan Mayen are parts of Norway. Home page owners on Svalbard have .no or .com as in Norway. Jan Mayen has no indigenous population) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is Norid UNINETT Norid AS is the main keeper and administrator of the Norwegian country code top-level domain .no. It's a non-commercial organization cost run by the hosting charges, supervised by the Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority. It is also the registry for .sj and .bv, but neither of these are open to registration policy not to assign any at present. Two French France (pronounced /ˈfræns/ or /ˈfrɑːns/; French: [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the French Republic (French: République française, pronounced: [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a country located in Western Europe, with several overseas islands and territories located on other continents. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the territories, bl .bl is a future Internet country code top-level domain that is likely to be created for Saint Barthélemy, following the decision on 21 September 2007 by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate BL as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Saint Barthélemy. This decision followed Saint Barthélemy's new status as an Overseas collectivity of France (Saint Barthélemy Saint Barthélemy , officially the Collectivity of Saint Barthélemy (French: Collectivité de Saint-Barthélemy), is an overseas collectivity of France. To the northwest lies St. Martin, to the southwest Saba, to the south St. Eustatius and St. Kitts, and ultimately to the southeast Barbuda) and mf .mf is a future Internet country code top-level domain that is likely to be created for Saint Martin, following the decision on September 21, 2007 by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency to allocate MF as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code for Saint Martin. This decision followed Saint Martin's new status as an Overseas collectivity of France which took (Saint Martin Saint Martin , officially the Collectivity of Saint Martin (French: Collectivité de Saint-Martin) is an overseas collectivity of France located in the Caribbean. It came into being on 22 February 2007, encompassing the northern parts of the island of Saint Martin and neighbouring islets, the largest of which is Île Tintamarre. The southern part), still^[update] await local assignment by France's government.

The code eh As Western Sahara is a disputed territory, it has no country code top-level domain , but .eh is reserved for that purpose. IANA has no sponsoring organizations assigned to this domain, although eligible as ccTLD for Western Sahara Western Sahara is a territory of North Africa, bordered by Morocco to the north, Algeria in the northeast, Mauritania to the east and south, and the Atlantic Ocean on the west. Its surface area amounts to 266,000 km2. It is one of the most sparsely populated territories in the world, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The largest city is El, has never been assigned and does not exist in DNS The Domain Name System is a hierarchical naming system for computers, services, or any resource participating in the Internet. It associates various information with domain names assigned to each of the participants. Most importantly, it translates domain names meaningful to humans into the numerical (binary) identifiers associated with networking. Only one subdomain is still registered in gb .gb is a reserved Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. Introduced at the same time as the UK's other top-level domain (.uk), it was never widely used. It is no longer possible to register under this domain (ISO 3166-1 for United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with) and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the UK generally use uk .uk is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. As of July 2008, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain worldwide (after .com, .cn, .de and .net), with over 7 million registrations (see below).

The former .um .um is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute, which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing ccTLD for the U.S. Minor outlying islands The United States Minor Outlying Islands, a statistical designation defined by the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 3166-1 code, consists of nine United States insular areas was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules .um .um is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United States Minor Outlying Islands. It was administered by the United States Minor Outlying Islands Registry. Until late 2006 USMIR was housed at the University of Southern California Information Sciences Institute, which was the original administrator of .us prior to NeuStar absorbing is eligible as ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1

Six ccTLDs are currently in use despite not being ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were in older ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes (now listed in ISO 3166-3 ISO 3166-3 is part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , and defines codes for country names which have been deleted from ISO 3166-1 since its first publication in 1974. The official name of the standard is Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 3:).

• uk .uk is the Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. As of July 2008, it is the fifth most popular top-level domain worldwide (after .com, .cn, .de and .net), with over 7 million registrations (United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a sovereign state located off the northwestern coast of continental Europe. It is an island country, spanning an archipelago including Great Britain, the northeastern part of Ireland, and many small islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK with a land border, sharing it with): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB, however the JANET JANET is a private British government-funded computer network dedicated to education and research. All further- and higher-education organisations in the UK are connected to JANET, as are all the Research Councils; the majority of these sites are connected via 20 metropolitan area networks across the UK. The network also carries traffic between network had already selected uk as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing Name Registration Scheme The JANET NRS was a pseudo-hierarchical naming scheme adopted for use on United Kingdom academic and research networks before the superficially similar system used by the Internet DNS had been fully established, and this was incorporated into the top-level domains. gb .gb is a reserved Internet country code top-level domain for the United Kingdom. Introduced at the same time as the UK's other top-level domain (.uk), it was never widely used. It is no longer possible to register under this domain was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of uk is now entrenched.
• su .su was assigned as the country code top-level domain for the Soviet Union on September 19, 1990. It remains in use today, even though the Soviet Union itself no longer exists, and is administered by the Russian Institute for Development of Public Networks (the obsolete ISO 3166 code for Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , occasionally called the United Soviet Socialist Republic, was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик​ (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh): Assigned when the Soviet Union was still extant and SU was its assigned ISO 3166 code. The su managers stated in 2001 2001 was a common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar they will commence accepting new su registrations, but it is unclear whether this action is compatible with ICANN ICANN is the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers. Headquartered in Marina Del Rey, California, United States, ICANN is a non-profit corporation that was created on September 18, 1998 in order to oversee a number of Internet-related tasks previously performed directly on behalf of the U.S. government by other organizations, notably policy.
• ac .ac is the Internet country code top-level domain for Ascension Island. It is administered by NIC.AC, a subsidiary of the Internet Computer Bureau based in the United Kingdom. Registration for this domain is open to anyone (Ascension Island Ascension Island is an isolated island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean, around 1,600 kilometres from the coast of Africa, and 2,250 kilometres (1,398 mi) from the coast of South America. It is a dependency of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, which is 1,287 kilometres (800 mi) to the southeast. The Island is named): This code is a vestige of IANA's The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority is the entity that oversees global IP address allocation, root zone management for the Domain Name System (DNS), media types, and other Internet Protocol related assignments. It is operated by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers, better known as ICANN decision in 1996 1996 was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) to allow the use of codes reserved in the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are two-letter country codes defined in ISO 3166-1, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization , to represent countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest. They are the most widely used of the country codes published by ISO, and are used reserve list for use by the Universal Postal Union. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, gg .gg is the country code top-level domain for Guernsey. It is administered by Island Networks (Guernsey), im (Isle of Man) and je (Jersey) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
• eu (European Union): On September 25, 2000, ICANN decided in violation of RFC 1591 to allow the use of any two-letter code in the ISO 3166-1 reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a registry (named EURid) was chosen by the European Commission, and criteria for allocation set: ICANN approved eu as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all.
• tp (the previous ISO 3166-1 code for East Timor): To be phased out in favour of tl during 2005.
• yu (the previous ISO 3166-1 code for Yugoslavia): To be phased out in favour of rs and me before the end of 2009.

Historical ccTLDs

There are two ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: cs (for Czechoslovakia) and zr (for Zaire). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the zr ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD su remains in use more than a decade after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes dd for the German Democratic Republic and yd for South Yemen were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also de and ye.

The temporary reassignment of country code CS to Serbia and Montenegro until the split into rs (Serbia) and me (Montenegro), led to some controversies^[2][3] with respect to the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in language tags in 2006.

Internationalized ccTLDs

There is a process to introduce internationalized ccTLDs using non-Latin letters. A technical solution has been tested with eleven internationalized domain name (IDN) TLDs in 2007. The introduction of selected IDN TLDs for ISO 3166-1 territories and .eu on fast track is under discussion as of 2008.^[4]

The draft states that all territories should be contacted for their interest in the creation of internationalized TLDs for languages and scripts relevant in their territory. See .рф (Cyrillic abbreviation of Russian Federation) for one proposal; various territories seem to be interested in the fast track mechanism.^[5]

Unconventional usage

Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in domain names like I.am, tip.it, start.at and go.to. Other variations of ccTLD usage have been called domain hacks, where the Second-level domain and ccTLD are used together to form one word or one title. This has resulted in domains like blo.gs of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (gs), del.icio.us of United States of America (us), and cr.yp.to of Tonga (to). (Non country code TLDs have also been used, like inter.net which uses the .net gTLD, probably the first domain hack ever.)

Another form of hacks on ccTLDs results from speculation over typographical errors. The .co domain of Colombia has generated interest ever since it was realized that people might miss typing the "m" for sites in the .com domain, or similarly reach the domain .cm for Cameroon due to a missed "o".

Commercial and vanity use

A number of the world's smallest countries have licensed their TLDs for worldwide commercial use. For example, Tuvalu and the Federated States of Micronesia, small island-states in the Pacific, have partnered with VeriSign and FSM Telecommunications respectively, to sell domain names using the .tv and .fm TLDs to television and radio stations.

Vanity ccTLDs are TLDs which are used for various purposes outside their home countries, because of their name. For example,

• .ad is a ccTLD for Andorra, but has recently been increasingly used by advertising agencies or classified advertising.
• .ag is a ccTLD for Antigua and Barbuda and is sometimes used for agricultural sites. In Germany, AG (short for Aktiengesellschaft) is appended to the name of a stock-based company, similar to Inc. in USA.
• .am is a ccTLD for Armenia, but is often used for AM radio stations, or for domain hacks (such as .i.am).
• .as is a ccTLD for American Samoa. In Denmark and Norway, AS is appended to the name of a stock-based company, similar to Inc. in USA. In Czech Republic, the joint stock corporation a.s. abbreviation stands for Akciová společnost.
• .at is a ccTLD for Austria but is used for English words ending in eat (e.at).
• .be is a ccTLD for Belgium, but is sometimes used for the literal term "be".
• .by is a ccTLD for Belarus, but is sometimes used in Germany, as "BY" is the official abbreviation of the state Bayern.
• .cc is a ccTLD for Cocos (Keeling) Islands but is used for a wide variety of sites such as community colleges, especially before such institutions were allowed to use .edu.
• .cd is a ccTLD for Democratic Republic of Congo but is used for CD merchants and file sharing sites.
• .ck is a ccTLD for Cook Islands was notably abused in Chris Morris's Nathan Barley by preceding it with ".co" in order to spell out the word cock (.co.ck as in trashbat.co.ck).
• .dj is a ccTLD for Djibouti but is used for CD merchants and disc jockeys.
• .fm is a ccTLD for the Federated States of Micronesia but it is often used for FM radio stations (and even non-FM stations, such as internet radio stations).
• .gg is a ccTLD for Guernsey but it is often used by the gaming and gambling industry, particularly in relation to horse racing and online poker.
• .im is a ccTLD for the Isle of Man but is often used by instant messaging programs and services.
• .in is a ccTLD for India but is widely used in the internet industry.
• .it is a ccTLD for Italy but is used in domain hacks (e.g. .has.it).
• .je is a ccTLD for Jersey but is often used as a diminutive in Dutch (e.g. "huis.je"), as "you" ("zoek.je" = "search ye!"), or as "I" in French (e.g. "moi.je")
• .la is a ccTLD for Laos but is marketed as the TLD for Los Angeles.
• .li is a ccTLD for Liechtenstein but is marketed as the TLD for Long Island.
• .lv is a ccTLD for Latvia but is also used to abbreviate Las Vegas or less frequently, love.
• .ly is a ccTLD for Libya but is also used for words ending with suffix "ly".
• .md is a ccTLD for Moldova, but is marketed to the medical industry (as in "medical domain" or "medical doctor").
• .me is a ccTLD for Montenegro, and is recently opened to individuals.
• .ms is a ccTLD for Montserrat, but is also used by Microsoft for such projects as popfly.ms.
• .mu is a ccTLD for Mauritius, but is used within the music industry.
• .ni is a ccTLD for Nicaragua, but is occasionally adopted by companies from Northern Ireland, particularly to distinguish from the more usual .uk within all parts of the United Kingdom
• .nu is a ccTLD for Niue but marketed as resembling "new" in English and "now" in Scandinavian/Dutch. Also meaning "nude" in French/Portuguese.
• .pr is a ccTLD for Puerto Rico, but can be used in the meaning of "Public Relations"
• .sc is a ccTLD for Seychelles but is often used as .Source
• .sh is a ccTLD for Saint Helena, but is also sometimes used for entities connected to the German Bundesland of Schleswig-Holstein.
• .si is a ccTLD for Slovenia, but is also used by Hispanic sites as "yes" ("sí"). Mexican mayor candidate Jorge Arana, for example, had his web site registered as http://www.jorgearana.si (i.e. "Jorge Arana, sí", meaning Jorge Arana, yes").
• .sr is a ccTLD for Suriname but is marketed as being for "seniors".
• .st is a ccTLD for São Tomé and Príncipe but is being marketed worldwide as an abbreviation for various things including "street".
• .tk is a ccTLD for Tokelau but is bought by someone and given away at dot.tk page
• .tm is a ccTLD for Turkmenistan but it can be used as "Trade Mark"
• .to is a ccTLD for Tonga but is often used as the English word "to", like "go.to"; also is marketed as the TLD for Toronto.
• .tv is a ccTLD for Tuvalu but it is used for the television ("TV") / entertainment industry purposes.
• .vg is a ccTLD for British Virgin Islands but is sometimes used to abbreviate Video games
• .vu is a ccTLD for Vanuatu but means "seen" in French as well as an abbreviation for the English language word "view".
• .ws is a ccTLD for Samoa (earlier Western Samoa), but is marketed as .Website

List of ccTLDs

* Foreign registration permitted

A

• .ac – Ascension Island*
• .ad – Andorra
• .ae – United Arab Emirates
• .af – Afghanistan
• .ag – Antigua and Barbuda*
• .ai – Anguilla
• .al – Albania
• .am – Armenia*
• .an – Netherlands Antilles
• .ao – Angola
• .aq – Antarctica
• .ar – Argentina
• .as – American Samoa*
• .at – Austria*
• .au – Australia
• .aw – Aruba
• .ax – Åland Islands
• .az – Azerbaijan

B

• .ba – Bosnia and Herzegovina
• .bb – Barbados
• .bd – Bangladesh
• .be – Belgium*
• .bf – Burkina Faso
• .bg – Bulgaria
• .bh – Bahrain
• .bi – Burundi*
• .bj – Benin
• .bl – Saint Barthélemy
• .bm – Bermuda
• .bn – Brunei
• .bo – Bolivia*
• .br – Brazil*
• .bs – Bahamas*
• .bt – Bhutan
• .bv – Bouvet Island (not in use; no registrations)
• .bw – Botswana
• .by – Belarus
• .bz – Belize*

C

• .ca – Canada
• .cc – Cocos (Keeling) Islands*
• .cd – Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly .zr – Zaire)*
• .cf – Central African Republic
• .cg – Republic of the Congo*
• .ch – Switzerland (Confoederatio Helvetica) *
• .ci – Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)*
• .ck – Cook Islands*
• .cl – Chile
• .cm – Cameroon
• .cn – People's Republic of China*
• .co – Colombia
• .cr – Costa Rica
• .cu – Cuba
• .cv – Cape Verde
• .cx – Christmas Island*
• .cy – Cyprus
• .cz – Czech Republic

D

• .de – Germany
• .dj – Djibouti*
• .dk – Denmark*
• .dm – Dominica
• .do – Dominican Republic
• .dz – Algeria

E

• .ec – Ecuador*
• .ee – Estonia
• .eg – Egypt
• .eh – Western Sahara (not assigned; no DNS)
• .er – Eritrea
• .es – Spain*
• .et – Ethiopia
• .eu – European Union (code "exceptionally reserved" by ISO 3166–1)

F

• .fi – Finland
• .fj – Fiji*
• .fk – Falkland Islands
• .fm – Federated States of Micronesia*
• .fo – Faroe Islands
• .fr – France

G

• .ga – Gabon
• .gb – United Kingdom (Reserved domain by IANA; deprecated – see .uk)
• .gd – Grenada*
• .ge – Georgia
• .gf – French Guiana
• .gg – Guernsey
• .gh – Ghana
• .gi – Gibraltar
• .gl – Greenland*
• .gm – Gambia
• .gn – Guinea
• .gp – Guadeloupe
• .gq – Equatorial Guinea
• .gr – Greece*
• .gs – South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands*
• .gt – Guatemala
• .gu – Guam
• .gw – Guinea-Bissau
• .gy – Guyana

H

• .hk – Hong Kong*
• .hm – Heard Island and McDonald Islands*
• .hn – Honduras*
• .hr – Croatia
• .ht – Haiti
• .hu – Hungary*

I

• .id – Indonesia
• .ie – Ireland
• .il – Israel*
• .im – Isle of Man*
• .in – India*
• .io – British Indian Ocean Territory*
• .iq – Iraq
• .ir – Iran*
• .is – Iceland*
• .it – Italy

J

• .je – Jersey
• .jm – Jamaica
• .jo – Jordan
• .jp – Japan

K

• .ke – Kenya
• .kg – Kyrgyzstan
• .kh – Cambodia
• .ki – Kiribati
• .km – Comoros
• .kn – Saint Kitts and Nevis
• .kp – North Korea
• .kr – South Korea
• .kw – Kuwait
• .ky – Cayman Islands
• .kz – Kazakhstan*

L

• .la – Laos*
• .lb – Lebanon
• .lc – Saint Lucia
• .li – Liechtenstein*
• .lk – Sri Lanka
• .lr – Liberia
• .ls – Lesotho*
• .lt – Lithuania
• .lu – Luxembourg
• .lv – Latvia*
• .ly – Libya*

M

• .ma – Morocco
• .mc – Monaco
• .md – Moldova*
• .me – Montenegro*
• .mg – Madagascar
• .mh – Marshall Islands
• .mk – Republic of Macedonia
• .ml – Mali
• .mm – Myanmar
• .mn – Mongolia*
• .mo – Macau
• .mp – Northern Mariana Islands*
• .mq – Martinique
• .mr – Mauritania
• .ms – Montserrat*
• .mt – Malta
• .mu – Mauritius*
• .mv – Maldives
• .mw – Malawi*
• .mx – Mexico*
• .my – Malaysia
• .mz – Mozambique

N

• .na – Namibia*
• .nc – New Caledonia
• .ne – Niger
• .nf – Norfolk Island*
• .ng – Nigeria
• .ni – Nicaragua
• .nl – Netherlands*
• .no – Norway
• .np – Nepal
• .nr – Nauru*
• .nu – Niue*
• .nz – New Zealand*

O

• .om – Oman

P

• .pa – Panama
• .pe – Peru
• .pf – French Polynesia
• .pg – Papua New Guinea
• .ph – Philippines*
• .pk – Pakistan*
• .pl – Poland*
• .pm – Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• .pn – Pitcairn Islands*
• .pr – Puerto Rico*
• .ps – Palestine*
• .pt – Portugal*
• .pw – Palau
• .py – Paraguay

Q

• .qa – Qatar

R

• .re – Réunion
• .ro – Romania*
• .rs – Serbia*
• .ru – Russia*
• .rw – Rwanda

S

• .sa – Saudi Arabia
• .sb – Solomon Islands*
• .sc – Seychelles*
• .sd – Sudan
• .se – Sweden*
• .sg – Singapore
• .sh – Saint Helena*
• .si – Slovenia
• .sj – Svalbard and Jan Mayen islands (not in use; no registrations)
• .sk – Slovakia
• .sl – Sierra Leone
• .sm – San Marino*
• .sn – Senegal
• .so – Somalia* (down, still is delegated to Monolith [ml.org] Philadelphia, an entity defunct since end—1998)
• .sr – Suriname*
• .st – São Tomé and Príncipe*
• .su – Soviet Union (deprecated; being phased out; code "transitionally reserved" by ISO 3166–1)
• .sv – El Salvador
• .sy – Syria*
• .sz – Swaziland*

T

• .tc – Turks and Caicos Islands*
• .td – Chad
• .tf – French Southern Territories
• .tg – Togo*
• .th – Thailand*
• .tj – Tajikistan*
• .tk – Tokelau*
• .tl – East Timor (formerly .tp)*
• .tm – Turkmenistan*
• .tn – Tunisia
• .to – Tonga*
• .tp – East Timor (deprecated – use .tl; code "transitionally reserved" by ISO 3166–1)
• .tr – Turkey
• .tt – Trinidad and Tobago*
• .tv – Tuvalu*
• .tw – Taiwan*
• .tz – Tanzania

U

• .ua – Ukraine
• .ug – Uganda*
• .uk – United Kingdom (code "exceptionally reserved" by ISO 3166–1) (see also .gb)
• .um – US Minor Outlying Islands (code terminated)
• .us – United States*
• .uy – Uruguay
• .uz – Uzbekistan

V

• .va – Vatican City
• .vc – Saint Vincent and the Grenadines*
• .ve – Venezuela
• .vg – British Virgin Islands*
• .vi – United States Virgin Islands
• .vn – Vietnam
• .vu – Vanuatu*

W

• .wf – Wallis and Futuna
• .ws – Samoa* (formerly Western Samoa)

Y

• .ye – Yemen
• .yt – Mayotte
• .yu – Yugoslavia

Z

• .za – South Africa*
• .zm – Zambia
• .zw – Zimbabwe

References

1. ^ Jon Postel (March 1994). "RFC 1591 - Domain Name System Structure and Delegation". http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.
2. ^ Leslie Daigle (2003-09-24). "IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166". IAB. http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.
3. ^ Leslie Daigle (2003-09-24). "IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards". IAB. http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.
4. ^ "Updated Draft Final Report of Recommendations for IDN ccTLD Fast Track Mechanism Now Available". ICANN. 2008-06-24. http://icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-24jun08-en.htm. Retrieved on 2008-06-26.
5. ^ "IDN ccTLD Discussion". GNSO IDN WG Wiki. http://idn.wat.ch/wiki/index.php?title=IDN_ccTLD_Discussion. Retrieved on 2008-06-22.

External links

• IANA's list of ccTLDs – official site
• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) Domain name dispute resolution]
• World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names
• Norid: Domain name registries around the world
• ccTLD and TLD analysis of several Zone files
• The ICANN Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO)

Categories: Top-level domains | Country codes

See Also:

• Country Code Top-level Domain
• Domainz
• Domainer
• Geodomain
• Subdomain

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